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Łódź is ranked by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network on the “Sufficiency” level of global influence and is internationally known for its National Film School, a cradle for the most renowned Polish actors and directors, including Andrzej Wajda and Roman Polanski. It was only in the 2010s that the city began to experience revitalization of its neglected downtown area. Łódź experienced a sharp demographic and economic decline after 1989. The city became Poland's temporary seat of power in 1945. The city's population was persecuted and its large Jewish minority was forced into a walled zone known as the Łódź Ghetto, from where they were sent to German concentration and extermination camps. Under the German occupation during World War II Łódź was briefly renamed Litzmannstadt after Karl Litzmann. The industrial development and demographic surge made Łódź one of the largest cities in Poland.

The contrasts greatly reflected on the architecture of the city, where luxurious mansions coexisted with red-brick factories and dilapidated tenement houses. Ever since the industrialization of the area the city has struggled with multinationalism and social inequalities, as documented in the novel The Promised Land by Nobel Prize–winning author Władysław Reymont. The Second Industrial Revolution (from 1870) brought rapid growth in textile manufacturing and in population owing to the inflow of migrants, notably Germans and Jews. In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź was annexed to Prussia before becoming part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw the city joined Congress Poland, a Russian client state, at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. It was granted town rights in 1423 by Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło and it remained a private town of the Kuyavian bishops and clergy until the late 18th century. Łódź was once a small settlement that first appeared in 14th-century records. As of 2022, Łódź has a population of 670,642 making it the country's fourth largest city. The city's coat of arms is an example of canting, as it depicts a boat ( łódź in Polish), which alludes to the city's name. It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship, and is located approximately 120 km (75 mi) south-west of Warsaw. Łódź, also rendered in English as Lodz, is a city in central Poland and a former industrial centre.